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The PredatorPrey Equations Pennsylvania (宾夕法尼亚州PredatorPrey方程)
The Predator-Prey Equations
An application of the nonlinear system of differential equations in
mathematical biology / ecology: to model the predator-prey relationship of a
simple eco-system.
Suppose in a closed eco-system (i.e. no migration is allowed into or out of
the system) there are only 2 types of animals: the predator and the prey.
They form a simple food-chain where the predator species hunts the prey
species, while the prey grazes vegetation. The size of the 2 populations can
be described by a simple system of 2 nonlinear first order differential
equations (a.k.a. the Lotka-Volterra equations , which originated in the study
of fish populations of the Mediterranean during and immediately after WW
I).
Let x(t) denotes the population of the prey species, and y (t) denotes
the population of the predator species. Then
x ′ = a x − α xy
y ′ = −c y + γ xy
a, c, α, and γ are positive constants.
Note that in the absence of the predators (when y = 0), the prey population
would grow exponentially. If the preys are absence (when x = 0), the
predator population would decay exponentially to zero due to starvation.
This system has two critical points. One is the origin, and the other is in the
first quadrant.
0 = x ′ = a x − α xy = x(a − α y ) → x = 0 or a − α y = 0
0 = y ′ = −c y + γ xy = y (−c + γ x) → y = 0 or −c + γ x = 0
c a
Therefore, the critical points are (0, 0) and ( , ) .
γ α
The Jacobian matrix is
α α
a − y
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