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Xray crystallography EMBnet node Switzerland(x光晶体学EMBnet节点瑞士)
Experimental structure determination
X-ray crystallography
X-ray diffraction
Protein crystallization
Phasing methods
Symmetry and packing
X-Ray diffraction
1895 W.C. Röntgen discovers X-rays (Nobel Prize 1901)
1910 Max von Laue: Diffraction Theory (Nobel Prize: 1912)
1915 W.L. Bragg W.H. Bragg: NaCl, KCl (Nobel Prize Physics)
2 • d • sin Θ= n • λ
1934 D. Bernal D. Crowfoot examine first Proteins
1950 DNA double helix structure: Watson, Crick, Wilkins (Nobel Prize 1963)
1958 Myoglobin Structure (Nobel Prize 1962 Kendrew, Perutz)
1971 Insulin (Blundell)
1978 First Virus Structure (S.C Harrison)
1988 Nobel Prize: Photosynthetic reaction center (Huber, Michel, Deisenhofer)
1997 Nobel Prize: ATP-synthase structure (Walker)
1997 Nucleosome core particle (T. Richmond)
1999 Ribosome Structures (Steitz, …)
2000 Reovirus core structure (S.C. Harrison)
2000 Rhodopsin structure, GPCR (Palczewski et al.)
2002 ABC-Transporter (D. Rees et al.)
2003 R.MacKinnon: structures of ion channel (Nobel Prize Chemistry 2003)
Dimensions of life ...
Dimensions of life ...
Can we see chemical bonds and atoms?
Optical microscope
visible light 400 - 700 nm
X-ray Generation and Detection
Why do we use X-rays?
visible light 400 - 700 nm
X-rays: 0.1 Å λ 1000 Å (1 Å = 10-10 m = 100 pm = 0.1 nm)
atomic distances: ~ 1.5 Å
How do we generate X-rays?
X-ray tubes Rotating Anode Generators
Synchrotron Radiation
X-ray tubes rotating anodes
Cu - Kα radiation
Wavelength: 1.54 Å
Synchrotron Radiation
X-ray diffraction
Experimental setup
X-Ray diffraction
Bragg’s Law: m
a
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