theorbitisellipticalwiththesunatonefocus第一定律轨道为椭圆.pptVIP

8. Gravity 重力 Toward a Law of Gravity 邁向一個重力定律 Universal Gravitation 萬有引力 Orbital Motion 軌道運行 Gravitational Energy 重力能 The Gravitational Field 重力場 This TV dish points at a satellite in a fixed position in the sky. 這碟型電視天線指向在天空中固定一點的人造衛星。 How does the satellite manage to stay at that position? 衛星怎麼能停在那位置？ period 週期 = 24 h 8.1. Toward a Law of Gravity 邁向一個重力定律 1543: Copernicus – Helio-centric theory. 哥白尼 – 日心理論 1593: Tycho Brahe – Planetary obs. 泰戈?布拉赫 – 行星觀察 1605: Kepler’s Laws 克卜勒定律 1592-1610: Galileo – Jupiter’s moons, sunspots, phases of Venus. 伽利略 –木星的月亮，日斑，金星的相。 1687: Newton – Universal gravitation. 牛頓 – 萬有引力。=Apple and Moon Phases of Venus: Size would be constant in a geocentric system. 金星的相：在一個以地球為中心的系统裏，它的大小應該不變 First law: The orbit is elliptical, with the Sun at one focus … 第一定律：軌道為橢圓，太陽在其中一焦點上… Second law: If the shaded areas are equal, so is the time to go from A to B and from C to D 第二定律：如果有色的面積相等，則從A到B的時間與從C到D的相等。 Third law: The square of the orbital period is proportional to the cube of the semimajor axis. 第三定律：軌道週期的平方與半長軸的立方成正比。 Kepler based his laws solely on observation and gave no theoretical explanation 8.2. Universal Gravitation 萬有引力 Newton’s law of universal gravitation 牛頓的萬有引力定律: any two particles in the universe exert attractive forces on each other m1 m2 are 2 point masses 質點 . r12 = position vector from 1 to 2. 從 1 到 2 的位置向量 F12 = force of 1 on 2. 1 加於 2 的力 G = Constant of universal gravitation 重力常數 = 6.67 ? 10?11 N m2 / kg2 . Law also applies to spherical masses. 定律亦可用於球形質量。 m1 m2 r12 F12 F12=F21 =obey Newton’s third law Newton’s law of universal gravitation applies strictly only to point particles that no extent. It also holds for spherically symmetric objects of any size if the distance r is measured from their centers. It also applies approximately to arbitrarily shaped objects provided the distance between them is large compared with their sizes. Example 8.1. Acceleration of Gravity 重力加速度 Use th