alaskan permafrost groundwater storage changes derived from grace and ground measurements阿拉斯加永冻土地下水存储变化来源于优雅和地面测量.pdfVIP

Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 378-397; doi:10.3390/rs3020378 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Article Alaskan Permafrost Groundwater Storage Changes Derived from GRACE and Ground Measurements Reginald R. Muskett * and Vladimir E. Romanovsky Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, P.O. Box 757230, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA; E-Mail: veromanovsky@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: reginald.muskett@; Tel.: +1-907-474-1925; Fax: +1-907-474-7290. Received: 1 December 2010; in revised form: 20 February 2011 / Accepted: 21 February 2011 / Published: 22 February 2011 Abstract: The Arctic is in transition from climate-driven thawing of permafrost. We investigate satellite-derived water equivalent mass changes, snow water equivalent with in situ measurements of runoff and ground-survey derived geoid models from 1999 through 2009. The Alaskan Arctic coastal plain groundwater storage (including wetland bog, thaw 3 pond and lake) is increasing by 1.15 ± 0.65 km /a (area-average 1.10 ± 0.62 cm/a), and 3 Yukon River watershed groundwater storage is decreasing by 7.44 ± 3.76 km /a (area-average 0.79 ± 0.40 cm/a). Geoid changes show increases within the Arctic coastal region and decreases within the Yukon River watershed. We hypothesiz