人工智能：一种现代方法ch09 inferenceFOL - 2016.pdfVIP

一阶逻辑推理 1 代换、全称量词实例化、存在量词实例化 2 合一、CNF、归结推理 1 New Quantifiers in FOL (review)  Universal quantifier(全称量词)   x means “For all x…”  Always true  Usually used with   x means “Not all x…”  Existential quantifier (存在量词)   x means “There exists an x…”  True for at least one interpretation  Usually used with   x means “There exists no x…” 5 Sentences in FOL (review)  Term (项)  Constant symbol, variable symbol, or function symbol  atomic sentence(原子语句)  Predicate symbol with value true or false  Represents a relation between terms  complex sentence(复合语句)  Atom(s) joined together using logical connectives and/or quantifiers 6 Concepts （review ）  Literal(文字)  原子、原子的否定  Clause and Clause set  disjunctions of literals(文字的析取)  e.g. P(x)∨ Q(x,y), P(x,c)∨R(x,y,f(x))  CNF(Conjunctive normal form, 合取范式)  conjunction of disjunctions of literals  CNFs do not contain quantifiers!!! 7 1 代换、量词实例化 8  已知命题逻辑的推理策略， 一阶逻辑下如何推理？ 9 Logics in General  What exists in the world — TRUTH  Propositional Logic: facts hold or do not hold.  First Order Logic: objects with relations between them that hold or do not hold  First order inference can be done by converting the knowledge base to PL and using propositional inference .  How to convert universal quantifiers?