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Materials 2009, 2, 181-206; doi:10.3390/ma2010181 OPEN ACCESS materials ISSN 1996-1944 /journal/materials Review Anaerobic Biodegradation of Detergent Surfactants Ute Merrettig-Bruns * and Erich Jelen Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany; E-Mail: erich.jelen@umsicht.fraunhofer.de * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ute.merrettig-bruns@umsicht.fraunhofer.de; Tel. +49-208-8598-1229; Fax: +49-208-8598-1424 Received: 4 February 2009; in revised form: 5 March 2009 / Accepted: 12 March 2009 / Published: 16 March 2009 Abstract: Detergent surfactants can be found in wastewater in relevant concentrations. Most of them are known as ready degradable under aerobic conditions, as required by European legislation. Far fewer surfactants have been tested so far for biodegradability under anaerobic conditions. The natural environment is predominantly aerobic, but there are some environmental compartments such as river sediments, sub-surface soil layer and anaerobic sludge digesters of wastewater treatment plants which have strictly anaerobic conditions. This review gives an overview on anaerobic biodegradation processes, the methods for testing anaerobic biodegradability, and the anaerobic biodegradability of different detergent surfactant types (anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric surfactan