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Salmonella paratyphi C: Genetic Divergence from Salmonella choleraesuis and Pathogenic Convergence with Salmonella typhi 1,2. 3,4. 2.¤a 5 5 5 5 Wei-Qiao Liu , Ye Feng , Yan Wang , Qing-Hua Zou , Fang Chen , Ji-Tao Guo , Yi-Hong Peng , 2¤b 6 3,4 7 1,2,5 1,2,5,6 Yan Jin , Yong-Guo Li , Song-Nian Hu , Randal N. Johnston , Gui-Rong Liu *, Shu-Lin Liu * 1 Genomics Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, 2 Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 3 JD Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 4 Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 5 Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China, 6 Depatment of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China, 7 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Abstract Background: Although over 1400 Salmonella serovars cause usually self-limited gastroenteritis in humans, a few, e.g., Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi C, cause typhoid, a potentially fatal systemic infection. It is not known whether the typhoid agents have evolved from a common ancestor (by divergent processes) or acquired similar pathogenic traits independently (by convergent processes). Comparison of different typhoid agents with non-typhoidal Salmonella lineages will provide excellent models for studies on how similar pathog