第五讲 社会角色.pptVIP

第五讲　社会角色 Social Role 主讲人：范会芳 2011.2 Outline The Concept of Social Role Determinants and characteristics of social role The Types of Social Role The Social Roles of Men and Women Dissonance of Social Role 一、The Concept of Social Role 一般定义，社会角色是指与人们的某种社会地位、身份相一致的一整套权利、义务的规范与行为模式，它是人们对具有特定身份的人的行为期望，它构成社会群体或组织的基础。 A social role is a set of connected behaviors, rights and obligations　as conceptualized by actors in a social situation. It is an expected or free or continuously changing behavior and may have a given individual social status or social position. It is vital to both functionalist （功能主义者）and interactionist（符号互动论者）　understandings of society.　 Social role posits（假定） the following about social behavior: 1、The division of labor in society takes the form of the interaction among heterogeneous（多样的） specialized positions, we call roles. 2、Social roles included appropriate and permitted forms of behavior, guided by social norms, which are commonly known and hence determine the expectations for appropriate behavior in these roles. 3、Roles are occupied by individuals, who are called actors. 4、When individuals approve of a social role (i.e., they consider the role legitimate and constructive), they will incur costs to conform to role norms, and will also incur costs to punish those who violate role norms. 5、Changed conditions can render a social role outdated or illegitimate, in which case social pressures are likely to lead to role change. 6、The anticipation of rewards and punishments, as well as the satisfaction of behaving prosocially, account for why agents conform to role requirements. 社会角色的四重含义： （1）角色是社会地位的外在表现，而地位是社会角色的内在依据； （2）角色是一整套权利、义务的规范和行为模式； （3）角色是人们对于处在特定地位上的人们的期待 （4）角色是社会群体或社会组织的基础 角色集　Role Set 在社会中，角色不是孤立存在的，而是与其他角色联系在一起的。角色集是由一组在功能上相互联系、相互补充的角色构成的集合。 任何一个人都不可能仅承担单一社会角色，而总是承担着多种社会角色，他所承担的多种角色又总是与更多的社会角色相联系，所有这些角色就构成了角色集。它包括了两种情况： 一种是多种角色集于一身，这主要强调一个人内部的关系；另一种是一组相互依存的角色，这主要强调是人与人之间的关系。 A role set is a situation where a single status may