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Sensors 2008, 8, 2628-2641 sensors ISSN 1424-8220 © 2008 by MDPI /sensors Full Research Paper Pathogen Phytosensing: Plants to Report Plant Pathogens Mitra Mazarei 1,*, Irina Teplova 1,†, M. Reza Hajimorad 2 and C. Neal Stewart, Jr 1 1 Department of Plant Sciences, 252 Ellington Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. E-mails: I. Teplova: teplova@; C. N. Stewart: nealstewart@ 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 205 Ellington Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. E-mail: M. R. Hajimorad: mrh@ † Present address: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, CABM (Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine), 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mmazarei@ Received: 28 February 2008 / Accepted: 11 April 2008 / Published: 14 April 2008 Abstract: Real-time systems that provide evidence of pathogen contamination in crops can be an important new line of early defense in agricultural centers. Plants possess defense mechanisms to protect against pathogen attack. Inducible plant defense is controlled by signal transduction pathways, inducible promoters and cis-regulatory elements corresponding to key genes involved in defense, and pathogen-specific responses. Identified inducible promoters and cis-acting elements could be utilized in plant sentinels, or ‘phytosensors’, by f