pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection模式识别受体和病毒感染的固有免疫反应.pdfVIP

Viruses 2011, 3, 920-940; doi:10.3390/v3060920 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection Mikayla R. Thompson, John J. Kaminski, Evelyn A. Kurt-Jones and Katherine A. Fitzgerald * Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; E-Mails: MikaylaR.Thompson@ (M.R.T.); John.Kaminski@ (J.J.K.); Evelyn.Kurt-Jones@ (E.A.K.-J.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Katherine.Fitzgerald@ ; Tel.: +1-508-856-6518; Fax: +1-508-856-8447. Received: 13 April 2011; in revised form: 27 May 2011 / Accepted: 2 June 2011 / Published: 23 June 2011 Abstract : The innate immune response to viral pathogens is critical in order to mobilize protective immunity. Cells of the innate immune system detect viral infection largely through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present either on the cell surface or within distinct intracellular compartments. These include the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the retinoic acid-inducble gene I-like receptors (RLRs), the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs, also called NACHT, LRR and PYD domain proteins) and cytosolic DNA sensors. While in certain cases viral proteins are the trigger of these receptors, the predominant viral activators are nucleic acids. The presence of viral sensing PRRs