performance of an ultrasonic ranging sensor in apple tree canopies超声波测距传感器的性能在苹果树冠.pdf

Sensors 2011, 11, 2459-2477; doi:10.3390/s110302459 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Performance of an Ultrasonic Ranging Sensor in Apple Tree Canopies Alexandre Escolà 1,*, Santiago Planas 1, Joan Ramon Rosell 1, Jesús Pomar 1, Ferran Camp 2, 2 2 3 3 Francesc Solanelles , Felip Gracia , Jordi Llorens and Emilio Gil 1 Department of Agro-Forestry Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure, 191. 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mails: SPlanas@eagrof.udl.cat (S.P.); JR.Rosell@eagrof.udl.cat (J.R.R.); Pomar@eagrof.udl.cat (J.P.) 2 Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, Food and Environment, Center of Agricultural Mechanization, Generalitat de Catalunya, Av. Rovira Roure, 191. 25198 Lleida, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mails: Ferran.Camp@gencat.cat (F.C.); FSolanelles@gencat.cat (F.S.); FelipJ.Gracia@gencat.cat (F.G.) 3 Department of Agro-Food and Biotechnology Engineering, Polithecnical University of Catalonia, Av. Canal olímpic, 15. 08860 Castelldefels, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mails: Jordi.Llorens.calveras@ (J.L.); Emilio.Gil@ (E.G.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: AEscola@eagrof.udl.cat; Tel.: +34-973-702-862; Fax: +34-973-238-264. Received: 13 December 2010; in revised form: 19 January 2011 / Accepted: 14 February 2011 / Published: 28 February 2011 Abstract: Electronic canopy characterization is an important issue in tree crop management. Ultr