responder feelings in a three-player three-option ultimatum game affective determinants of rejection behavior回答者的感情在运营商3个可选最后通牒游戏情感排斥行为的决定因素.pdfVIP

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responder feelings in a three-player three-option ultimatum game affective determinants of rejection behavior回答者的感情在运营商3个可选最后通牒游戏情感排斥行为的决定因素.pdf

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responder feelings in a three-player three-option ultimatum game affective determinants of rejection behavior回答者的感情在运营商3个可选最后通牒游戏情感排斥行为的决定因素

Games 2012, 3, 1-29; doi:10.3390/g3010001 OPEN ACCESS games ISSN 2073-4336 /journal/games Article Responder Feelings in a Three-Player Three-Option Ultimatum Game: Affective Determinants of Rejection Behavior Hans-Rüdiger Pfister 1,* and Gisela Böhm 2 1 Leuphana University Lüneburg, Wilschenbrucher Weg 84, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany; E-Mail: pfister@uni-lueneburg.de 2 University of Bergen, Christiesgt. 12, N-5015 Bergen, Norway; E-Mail: gisela.boehm@psysp.uib.no * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pfister@uni-lueneburg.de; Tel.: +49-4131-677-7759; Fax: +49-4131-677-7935. Received: 24 October 2011; in revised form: 16 January 2012 / Accepted: 7 February 2012 / Published: 13 February 2012 Abstract: This paper addresses the role of affect and emotions in shaping the behavior of responders in the ultimatum game. A huge amount of research shows that players do not behave in an economically rational way in the ultimatum game, and emotional mechanisms have been proposed as a possible explanation. In particular, feelings of fairness, anger and envy are likely candidates as affective determinants. We introduce a three-player ultimatum game with three-options, which permits the responder to either penalize the proposer or to penalize a third party by rejecting offers. This allows for partially distinguishing rejections due to a retaliation motive driven by anger towards the proposer from rejections due to inequity aversion driven by feelings of