seasonal pattern of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection and mortality in lithobates areolatus affirmation of vredenburgs “10,000 zoospore rule”季节性模式的壶菌感染和死亡率lithobates areolatus vredenburg肯定的u201c10000游动孢子规则u201d.pdfVIP

Seasonal Pattern of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection and Mortality in Lithobates areolatus: Affirmation of Vredenburg’s ‘‘10,000 Zoospore Rule’’ 1 1 2 3 Vanessa C. Kinney , Jennifer L. Heemeyer , Allan P. Pessier , Michael J. Lannoo * 1 Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America, 2 Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, California, United States of America, 3 Terre Haute Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Terre Haute, Indiana, United States of America Abstract To fully comprehend chytridiomycosis, the amphibian disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), it is essential to understand how Bd affects amphibians throughout their remarkable range of life histories. Crawfish Frogs (Lithobates areolatus) are a typical North American pond-breeding species that forms explosive spring breeding aggregations in seasonal and semipermanent wetlands. But unlike most species, when not breeding Crawfish Frogs usually live singly—in nearly total isolation from conspecifics—and obligately in burrows dug by crayfish. Crayfish burrows penetrate the water table, and therefore offer Crawfish Frogs a second, permanent aquatic habitat when not breeding. Over the course of two years we sampled for the presence of Bd in Crawfish Frog adults. Sampling was conducted seasonally, as animals moved from post-winter emergence through breeding migrations, then back into upland burrow habitats. During our study, 53% of Crawfish Frog breeding adults tested positive for Bd in at least one sample; 27% entered breeding wetlands Bd positive; 46% exited wetlands Bd posi