systems and sensors for debris-flow monitoring and warning为泥石流监测预警系统和传感器.pdfVIP

Sensors 2008, 8, 2436-2452 sensors ISSN 1424-8220 © 2007 by MDPI /sensors Review Systems and Sensors for Debris-flow Monitoring and Warning Massimo Arattano 1,* and Lorenzo Marchi 2 1 CNR-IRPI, Strada delle Cacce,73, 10135 Torino, Italy 2 CNR-IRPI, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; E-mail: lorenzo.marchi@r.it * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-mail: massimo.arattano@r.it; r.it; Tel.: +39 011 3977831 Received: 18 December 2007 / Accepted: 2 April 2008 / Published: 4 April 2008 Abstract: Debris flows are a type of mass movement that occurs in mountain torrents. They consist of a high concentration of solid material in water that flows as a wave with a steep front. Debris flows can be considered a phenomenon intermediate between landslides and water floods. They are amongst the most hazardous natural processes in mountainous regions and may occur under different climatic conditions. Their destructiveness is due to different factors: their capability of transporting and depositing huge amounts of solid materials, which may also reach large sizes (boulders of several cubic meters are commonly transported by debris flows), their steep fronts, which may reach several meters of height and also their high velocities. The implementation of both structural and non- structural control measures is often required when debris flows endanger routes, urban