the hemostasis apparatus in pancreatic cancer and its importance beyond thrombosis胰腺癌的止血器和它的重要性超出了血栓形成.pdfVIP

Cancers 2011, 3, 267-284; doi:10.3390/cancers3010267 OPEN ACCESS cancers ISSN 2072-6694 /journal/cancers Review The Hemostasis Apparatus in Pancreatic Cancer and Its Importance beyond Thrombosis Hussein Echrish 1, Leigh A. Madden 1, John Greenman 1 and Anthony Maraveyas 2,* 1 Centre for Biomedical Research, PGMI, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK; E-Mails: H.H.Echrish@2007.hull.ac.uk (H.E.); L.A.Madden@hull.ac.uk (L.A.M.); J.Greenman@hull.ac.uk (J.G.) 2 Queen’s Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Road, Cottingham, HU16 5JQ, UK * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: anthony.maraveyas@hey.nhs.uk; Tel.: +44 1482 461318; Fax: +44 1482 461848. Received: 5 November 2010; in revised form: 5 December 2010 / Accepted: 10 January 2011 / Published: 11 January 2011 Abstract: Laboratory evidence of aberrant coagulation is found in the majority of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and a clinical consequence of this is the high incidence and prevalence of vascular thromboembolic events. Other sequelae are hypothesized to be the facilitation and acceleration of mechanisms that define the malignant phenotype, such as invasion, trafficking and anchoring, establishing the metastatic niche and inducing angiogenesis. We review the in vitro and preclinical evidence that supports the role of the coagulation apparatus in the metastatic process of pancreatic cancer, with a particular emphasis on interaction of this pathway with clinically-targeted