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Entropy 2010, 12, 2268-2307; doi:10.3390/ OPEN ACCESS entropy ISSN 1099-4300 /journal/entropy Review Using Quantum Computers for Quantum Simulation Katherine L. Brown ,⋆, William J. Munro , and Vivien M. Kendon School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK National Institute of Informatics, 2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8430, Japan NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa-ken 243-0198, Japan ⋆ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: pyklb@leeds.ac.uk. Received: 2 October 2010; in revised form: 2 November 2010 / Accepted: 10 November 2010 / Published: 15 November 2010 Abstract: Numerical simulation of quantum systems is crucial to further our understanding of natural phenomena. Many systems of key interest and importance, in areas such as superconducting materials and quantum chemistry, are thought to be described by models which we cannot solve with sufficient accuracy, neither analytically nor numerically with classical computers. Using a quantum computer to simulate such quantum systems has been viewed as a key application of quantum computation from the very beginning of the field in the 1980s. Moreover, useful results beyond the reach of classical computation are expected to be accessible with fewer than a hundred qubits, making quantum simulation potentially one of the earliest practical applications of quantum computers. In this paper we survey the theoretical and experimenta