乡镇债务的制度经济学探析.pdfVIP

摘 要 目前，我国大多数乡镇都不同程度地存在着债务，其特点表现为负债数额大、 负债面广、各地负债差距明显以及增长速度快。如今，乡镇债务的不断扩张，已 经影响到我国农村经济的进一步发展，影响到农村的稳定，影响到“三农”问题 的有效解决和我国社会主义新农村建设，已成为我国一个重大的政治经济问题， 已经到了非解决不可的地步。 纵观乡镇债务的形成与发展，其产生的原因是多方面的，既有经济方面的原 因、又有政治、社会等方面的原因。但从根本讲，还是制度的原因，是国家通过 制度的安排来对利益进行重新分配，导致乡镇政府财政收入短缺，产生债务需求， 最终形成债务。从具体的制度上看，主要有：财税体制改革中的财权与事权的错 位，财权向上集中、事权不断下移；农村税费改革产生财政缺口；农村改革后期 出现的经济相对萎缩，财政收入减少；政治制度和行政管理制度改革与经济改革 脱节，乡镇政府财政行为失去应有的约束，导致开支突破预算等等，产生债务需 求。另外，农村金融体制改革的滞后；乡镇政府对经济领域的高度介入，出现经 济投资亏损；政府行为缺乏有效规范，截留老百姓的转移支付款项、拖延履行法 定支付义务；国家对非金融机构借贷行为缺乏有效监管等等，产生债务供给。最 终形成乡镇债务。 乡镇债务的产生牵涉到国家和社会的方方面面，零乱而复杂，牵一发而动全 身。因此，要想彻底解决乡镇债务问题，全面有力地推进各项改革是解决我国乡 镇债务问题的基础，同时应着力于制度创新，方法上应注重循序渐进，微调各种 既得利益。 关键词：乡镇债务；财税体制；政治体制；农村金融体制；制度创新 I ABSTRACT At present, most of the villages and towns in China exit debts, the characteristics of those debts are as follow: the amounts of the debts are large, the covers of the debts are wide, the gaps of the debts in different places are visible and the debts are increasing quickly. Now as the debts expanding, they touch further development of the China rural economics, touch the stabilization of the rural countryside, touch to solve the “three problems in the farming” efficiently and to built the new socialism country, so they are becoming a fatal political and economic problem, we have to solve them as soon as possible. Looking at the forming and the development of the debts, the causes are various, not only exist economic causes, but political and social causes, and so on. The ultimate cause is the National institution, that is to say the national redistribute the benefit by different institutions, and the finance ingathering of the government in country is hard up, so the debts formed. To idiographic institution, the main causes of the debts forming are as follow: the finance rights and