the repeatability of adaptive radiation during long-term experimental evolution of escherichia coli in a multiple nutrient environment自适应辐射在长期进化实验的可重复性的大肠杆菌多重营养环境.pdfVIP

The Repeatability of Adaptive Radiation During Long- Term Experimental Evolution of Escherichia coli in a Multiple Nutrient Environment Gerda Saxer1,2,3*, Michael Doebeli2,4, Michael Travisano1,5 1 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 2 Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 4 Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 5 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America Abstract Adaptive radiations occur when a species diversifies into different ecological specialists due to competition for resources and trade-offs associated with the specialization. The evolutionary outcome of an instance of adaptive radiation cannot generally be predicted because chance (stochastic events) and necessity (deterministic events) contribute to the evolution of diversity. With increasing contributions of chance, the degree of parallelism among different instances of adaptive radiations and the predictability of an outcome will decrease. To assess the relative contributions of chance and necessity during adaptive radiation, we performed a selection experiment by evolving twelve independent microcosms of Escherichia coli for 1000 generations in an environment that contained two distinct resources. Specialization to either of these resources involves strong trade-offs in the ability to use the other resource. After selection, we measured three phenotypic traits: 1) fitness, 2) mean colony size, and 3) colony size diversity. We used fitness relative to the ancestor as a measure of adaptation