南开软件网络课程课件.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Two simple multiple access control techniques. Each mobile’s share of the bandwidth is divided into portions for the uplink and the downlink. Also, possibly, out of band signaling. As we will see, used in AMPS, GSM, IS-54/136 * * * * * “REAL” INTERNET DELAYS AND ROUTES What do “real” Internet delay loss look like? Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i: sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination router i will return packets to sender sender times interval between transmission and reply. 3 probes 3 probes 3 probes Introduction 1-* 1-* Introduction “REAL” INTERNET DELAYS AND ROUTES 1 cs-gw (54) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 2 (45) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 (30) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms 4 (29) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms 5 (36) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms 6 () 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms 7 (6) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms 8 53 (53) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms 9 (29) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms 10 (0) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms 11 (4) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms 12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (3) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms 13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (02) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms 14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (10) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms 15 (4) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms 16 5 (5) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms 17 * * * 18 * * * 19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (42) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms traceroute: to www.eurecom.fr Three delay measurements from to * means no response (probe lost, router not replying) trans-oceanic link Introduction 1-* 1-* Introduction PACKET LOSS queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost) lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end system, or not at all A B packet being transmitted packet arriving to full buffer is lost buffer (waiting area) Introduction 1-* 1-* Introduction THROUGHPUT throughput: rate (