第五章 特殊精馏.pdf

Separation Processes Separation Processes Chapter 5 Enhanced Distillation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Azeotropic Distillation 5.3 Extractive Distillation Separation Processes Separation Processes 5.1 Introduction When two or more components differ in boiling point by less than approximately 50℃and form a non-ideal liquid solution, the relative volatility may be below 1.10. Then, ordinary distillation may be uneconomic, and if an azeotrope forms even impossible. In that event, the following separation techniques, referred to as Enhanced Distillation, such as Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation, Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation, Extractive Distillation, Salt Distillation, Pressure-Swing Distillation, Reactive Distillation, and so on, should be explored. Separation Processes Separation Processes Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation: A method of separating a mixture by adding an entrainer that forms a homogeneous minimum- or maximum-boiling azeotrope with one or more feed component. The entrainer is added near top of column, to the feed, or near the bottom of the column, depending upon whether the azeotrope is removed from the top or bottom. Separation Processes Separation Processes Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation: A more useful azeotropic distillation in which a minimum-boiling heterogeneous azeotrope is formed by the entrainer. The azeotrope splits into two liquid phases in the overhead condensing system. One liquid phase is sent back to the column as reflux, which the other liquid phase is sent to another separation step or is a product. Separation Processes Separation Processes Extractive Distillation: A method that uses a large amount of a relatively high-boiling solvent