上海交大基础有机课件.pdfVIP

13. Structure Determination The analysis of the outcome of a reaction requires that we know the full structure of the products as well as the reactants th th In the 19 and early 20 centuries, structures were determined by synthesis and chemical degradation that related compounds to each other Physical methods now permit structures to be determined directly. We will examine: – mass spectrometry (MS) – infrared (IR) spectroscopy – nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) – ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (VIS) 13.1 Infrared Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Absorption Spectra Organic compound exposed to electromagnetic radiation, can absorb energy of only certain wavelengths (unit of energy) – Transmits, energy of other wavelengths. Changing wavelengths to determine which are absorbed and which are transmitted produces an absorption spectrum Energy absorbed is distributed internally in a distinct and reproducible way (See Figure 12-11) 13.2 Infrared Spectroscopy of Organic Molecules IR region lower energy than visible light (below red – produces heating as with a heat lamp) -6 -5 2.5 10 m to 2.5 10 m region used by organic chemists for structural analysis IR energy in a spectrum is usually measured as wavenumber (cm-1), the inverse of wavelength and proportional to frequency Specific IR absorbed by organic molecule related to its structure Infrared Energy Modes IR energy absorption corresponds to specific modes, corresponding to combinations of atomic movements, such as bending and stretching of bonds between groups of atoms called “normal modes” Energy is characteristic of the atoms in the group and their bonding Corresponds to vibrations and rotations Interpreting Infrared Spectra Most function