遗传学（双语）徐吉臣-第12章.pdfVIP

Chapter 12 Translation and Proteins 12.1 Genetic code 12.2 Components essential to protein synthesis 12.3 Translation 12.4 Protein structure 12.5 Function analysis of proteins 12.1 Genetic code Method1: calculation 1960s, sidney Brenner One letter: 4 2 Two letters: 4 =16 3 Three letters: 4 =64 4 Four letters: 4 =256 Number of amino acids=2 Less letters: same sequence produce variable protein More letters: different sequences encode the same protein Three letter words represent the minimal use of four letters to specify 20 amino acids Method 2: Frameshift mutations Francis Crick, Phage T4 Frameshift mutations: • The gain or the loss of one or two letters shifts the reading frame cause mutation • The gain or the loss of three letters shifts the reading frame frame reestablished Deciphering(解读) the code Experiment: • RNA synthesis in vitro • Polypeptide synthesis in vitro Ribsomes, tRNAs, amino acids (one or few are radioactive), mRNA, other essential molecules enzymes mRNA synthesis Polynucleotide phosphorylase (1955): no DNA template Homopolymers by Nirenberg and Matthaei • Homopolymers: Poly U, Poly A, Poly C, Poly T, • One amino acid was labeled radioactively pen lys ser pro Poly U pen Poly A Lys Poly C pro Poly G no Poly A Poly G Poly C Poly U The triplet binding assay 1964