税务系统的设计.pptVIP

Ability-to-Pay Principle The ability-to-pay principle is the idea that taxes should levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden. The ability-to-pay principle leads to two corollary notions of equity. Vertical equity Horizontal equity * Chapter 12 The Design Of The Tax System The Federal Government The U.S. federal government collects about two-thirds of the taxes in our economy. The largest source of revenue for the federal government is the individual income tax. The Federal Government Individual Income Taxes The marginal tax rate is the tax rate applied to each additional dollar of income. Higher-income families pay a larger percentage of their income taxes. The Federal Government The Federal Government and Taxes Payroll Taxes: tax on the wages that a firm pays its workers. Social Insurance Taxes: taxes on wages that is earmarked to pay for Social Security and. Excise Taxes: taxes on specific goods like gasoline, cigarettes, and alcoholic beverages. The Federal Government Federal Government Spending Government spending includes transfer payments and the purchase of public goods and services. Transfer payments are government payments not made in exchange for a good or a service. Transfer payments are the largest of the government’s expenditures. The Federal Government Federal Government Spending Expense Category. Social Security National Defense Income Security Net interest Medicare Health Other The Federal Government Budget Surplus A budget surplus is an excess of government receipts over government spending Budget Deficit A budget deficit is an excess of government spending over government spending The Federal Government Financial Conditions of the Federal Budget A budget deficit occurs when there is an excess of government spending over government receipts. Government finances the deficit y borrowing from the public. A budget surplus occurs when government receipts are greater than government spending. A budget sur