有机（organic）.docVIP

有机（organic） Organic chemistry summary in senior high school: I. General Formula and main chemical properties of various organic compounds Organic classification functional group The general formula Chemical property alkane Contains only C - C bonds CnH (2n+2) Substitution reaction, reaction with Potassium Permanganate, bromine, acid and alkali and halogen etc. olefin Bond CnH2n The addition reaction, oxidation reaction, and Potassium Permanganate addition polymerization with halogen etc. Alkyne Bond CnH2n-2 The addition reaction, oxidation reaction, and Potassium Permanganate addition polymerization with halogen etc. Benzene (aromatic hydrocarbons) and their homologues Benzene ring CnH2n-6 With halogen, nitric acid and hydrogen substitution reaction, addition reaction (toluene, ethylbenzene benzene homologues can be oxidized with Potassium Permanganate) Halogenated hydrocarbon -X CnH2n+1X In the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, the substitution reaction takes place to form alcohol Elimination occurs in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide into alkene Alcohol: - OH CnH2n+1OH or CnH2n+2O Replace with sodium to form hydrogen gas Elimination occurs in concentrated sulfuric acid, producing ene (partial) Esterification with carboxylic acids (concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst) The oxidation of aldehydes under the catalysis of copper or silver Occurs with hydrogen halides phenol Phenolic hydroxyl C6H6O Potassium Permanganate, easily by oxygen oxidation Purple occurs when FeCl3 solution is applied Occurs with halogen substitution aldehyde -CHO CnH2nO Addition of hydrogen to produce alcohols By the oxidation of silver copper hydroxide ammonium solution, the new system of carboxylic acid carboxylic acid -COOH CnH2nO2 Weakly acidic and can react with Na, NaOH, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 esterification ester CnH2nO2 Acid and alkaline environment can be hydrolyzed Two. Organic synthesis route: Three. Types of organic reactions: Substitution reaction: the reaction of some ato