lesson及eightanimaldevelopment.ppt

During differentiation cells mature so that they may perform separate functions. This maturation may include taking on a function-related shape, such as the long, spindly shape of skeletal-muscle cells. 在分化期间，细胞成熟，执行各自功能。成熟包括功能相关的成型过程。例如，细长的骨骼肌肉细胞。 Cell differentiation also results in responsiveness-the ability of a cell to be regulated within the organism through the action of hormones, neurons, and other signals. 细胞分化也产生应答能力，即细胞受生物体内激素，神经和其他信号的调控过程。 Embryonic Coverings and Membranes The embryos of land vertebrates are enclosed within four extraembryonic membranes that afford protection while still permitting the exchange of gases, nutrients, and other materials. 脊椎动物的胚胎被4层膜包被，起保护作用，但仍能交换气体，营养和其他物质。 Growth: Increase in Size Growth in embryos is largely due to an increase in the number of cells rather than to an increase in the size of individual cells. In many species the extent of embryonic growth is limited by the availability of food (yolk). 胚的生长很大程度取决于细胞数量的增加而不是单个细胞大小的改变。在大多数物种中，胚的生长是受卵黄的量限制的。 In animals that develop entirely free of the maternal body, such as frogs and insects, the embryo give rise to a larval stage that can feed itself and later undergo metamorphosis to attain the adult stage. 在动物细胞中，完全依赖于母体，例如蛙和昆虫，胚产生幼虫状态，后来经历变态而进入成年状态 In many species the most spectacular growth phase takes place during the juvenile and adolescent phases of the life cycle. 在许多物种中，在少年和青春期，发生特别显著的生长。 Actual growth generally stops once the organism reaches its typical adolescent phases of the life cycle. Actual growth generally stops once the organism reaches its typical adult size, although replacement of dead cells may continue. 一旦细胞进入成年状态和成年大小，生长就停止了，尽管死细胞的替代不断发生。 Aging and Death: Final Developmental Processes Aging is an ongoing, time-dependent developmental process in which body parts deteriorate. Proposed causes include the degeneration of collagen (the fibrous proteins of the connective tissues) and limits on the number of times cells