地质学基础岩石的工程性质.docVIP

Chapter 3 The engineering properties of rock As a material, the study on engineering properties of rock is very important for engineers whether in surface engineering (such as foundations highways and railroads, dams and reservoirs slopes ) or subsurface engineering (such as tunneling, storage caverns, disposal chambers). Generally speaking, The mechanical behavior of rocks depend on the physical characteristics of rocks. The engineers need to not only mechanical behavior of rock but also their response to applied loads. the mechanical behaviors of rocks or rock mass and the influence of groundwater to their behaviors are all the key problems for geological engineers. ?3-1 The main physical properties of intact rock Specific gravity() The ratio between the mass and that of equal volume of water (i.e. the ratio of mass density and water density). Water content (): The ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solid. Bulk specific gravity: The ratio between the total weight and the total volume of rock ?Most silicate minerals have densities between 26 and 32 . Because of this most igneous and metamorphic rocks have densities between 26 and 32 .? Limestone and other sedimentary rocks usually have somewhat lower densities(20 to 26 ) because they have significant porosity.? Sediments generally have densities similar to this or lower. Porosity() The ratio between the volume of void space (containing liquids and or gases) and total volume. 5 Absorbability (吸水性) (常压下) Softness (软化性) Change condition in strength when saturated with water Anti-frozen ability declining degree of compressing strength 8 Permeability(): The measurement of the rate at which fluids will flow through a saturated materials. We will discuss the measurements of permeability later in the lecture of Groundwater. §3-2 Mechanics properties of rock 一 The concept of stress and strain of rocks Stress is defined as force per un