建筑工程英语专业英语unit4.ppt

Lesson 4 Building Components * Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the soil and foundations, load-carrying frame, skin, partitions, floors, and stairs, such as those shown in Fig 4.1. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems．The superstructure is that part of a building above ground; and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. partition 分开,分割,隔墙,隔板 superstructure 上部结构 1-foundation; 2-external wall 3、4-internal wall; 5-floor 6-roof 7-ground floor 8-door; 9-window 10-stair 11-step 12- canopy 13-apron Fig 4.1 Components of a Building canopy 雨蓬 apron 窗台 Soils and Foundations All buildings are supported on the ground, and therefore the nature of the soil becomes an extremely important consideration in the design of any building. The design of a foundation depends on many soil factors, such as type of soil, soil stratification, thickness of soil layers and their compaction, and groundwater conditions. Soils rarely have a single composition; they generally are mixtures in layers of varying thickness. For evaluation, soils are graded according to particle size, which increases from silt to clay to sand to gravel to rock. stratification 层理;成层 compaction 压实 composition 组成 silt 粉土 clay 粘土 sand 砂土 grave 碎石 Due to both the compaction and flow effects, buildings tend to settle. Uniform settlements are not so serious, but uneven settlements can have damaging effects—the building may lean, walls and partitions may crack (Fig 4.2), windows and doors may become inoperative, and in the extreme, a building may collapse. Because such movements can occur during and after construction, careful analysis of the behavior of soils under a building is vital. collapse 倒塌 Fig 4.2 Relative settlement curve and cracks of a building The grea