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Process-Control Systems A process-control system is often a regulator．However，a complicated process-control system may possibly contain several de vides which could be defined as servo-mechanisms．we shall consider systems with several inputs ,some know as controls because they may be manipulated and others called external disturbances ,which are quite unpredictable. In such situations, one aspect of the control problem is to determine how the controls should be manipulated so as to counteract the effects of the external disturbances on the state of the system. one possible approach to the solution of this problem is to use a continuous measurement of the disturbances , and from this and the known system equations to determine what the control inputs should be as functions of time to give appropriate control of the system state. An example of a typical process control system will now be considered．This system include：measured value (output )，set value (input )，deviation (minus error )，transmitter (error detector )，control pneumatic motor control valve (output element)，process (load)． This is quite different from industrial process control ，the other large area of applica- tion of automatic control systems，which includes such tasks as the control of flow rates in pipelines，temperatures in furnaces and chemical reactors，concentrations of reagents，and levels in tanks．These are almost invariably carried out with standard off-the-shelf control- lers，either electronic or pneumatic，which have provision for manual or remote entry of the set point ，and often include a recorder which produces a continuous plot of ．In its simplest form，such a controller provides only proportional control action ：a power am- plifier in the controller produces a signal proportional to the error which can then be used to drive an actuator such as a flow regulating valve．More elaborate controllers include compensating networks which give proportional-plus-derivative (PD)，proportional-plus- i