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新编语言学教程课后答案
练习参考答案
说 明
应许多教师和学生的要求,我们编写了本教科书每章后面的习题答案。
但是,有两点必须说明一下。第一,对术语的定义或解释,多是以本书相关章
节为依据,所以会有些局限性。好在目前市场上有多种语言学词典,大家可参
考其他定义和解释。第二,对开放式问答题的回答,多为提示性的,而且也是
基于本书内容做的基本回答,往往显得过于简略。一方面,本书是入门性的教
程,对诸多问题的讨论仍欠深入;另一方面,每章后面附的参考书,可以告诉
读者到哪里去查找相关信息,加深对某个问题的了解。总之, 这里提供的答
案是参考性的,绝不是唯一的,更不是穷尽一切的。充其量,它只能给教师和
同学提供一点点方便而已。如发现不当之处,敬请指教。
编者
1
1. Define the following terms briefly.
(1) linguistics: the scientific or systematic study of language.
(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign
and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.
(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and
letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.
(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction
and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.
(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from
the knowledge that underlies it, or competence.
(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.
(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain
social contact between the speaker and the hearer.
(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social
function in communication.
(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.
(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used at a
given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.
(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to
looking at language as it is used at a given moment.
2. No, language is human-specific. Human language has seven design features, including
arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization
and cultural transmission. The
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