听力、初中阅读教学目标设定与达成课件.ppt

What is reading? Is reading passive or active? People construct meaning based on their own experience and knowledge. Therefore, we may get very different impression about the same picture we are looking at. If the students fail to understand the nature of reading, they will adopt inappropriate and ineffective reading strategies; if teachers fail to do so, they will be unable to help the students to develop effective reading skills. How do you read? Read the following descriptions, tick those which suit your situation. A. I usually start reading a text by recognising words, word connections, and phrase patterns as well as sentence patterns, then I can rapidly and automatically get meaning from the text. B. When reading a text, I first identify the topic, purpose and structure of the text, then I make guesses, predictions during reading. In this way, I create meaning from the text as a whole. C. I think the meaning of the text is more than the sum of the individual words and sentences. When reading a text, I start by predicting the probable meaning, then I get to read and understand the words and phrases in the text to check whether that is really what the writer means. Sometimes I go the other way round. That’s to say, I combine the above 2 ways in my reading. A. 自下而上的模式 (the bottom-up model) The reader builds up the meaning of a text on the basis of decoding smaller units: first words, and phrases, then sentences and paragraphs, and finally working out the meaning of the whole text. 阅读者从最小的单位：字母和单词识别开始，逐步弄懂较大的语言单位：短语、分句、句子和语篇的意义。这就是阅读理解自下而上的模式。依照这个模式去理解阅读过程，教师在教授阅读时，主要任务就是帮助学生解决语言上的障碍，即弄清词、短语和句子的意义。这个模式低估了阅读者的主动作用。 B. 从上而下的模式 (the top-down model) The reader uses his or her knowledge of the topic or of the type of the text and makes predictions about what the text will contain, then these predictions are checked by reading and trying to understand the text. 阅读者在阅读过程中，是主动的