海平面上升研究.ppt

海平面上升研究Upwelling in the World Ocean Presentation Points Mechanisms that create ocean upwelling Types of upwelling Identifying upwelling on satellite-derived maps Ecological and economic effects of upwelling Mechanisms that create ocean upwelling Wind Coriolis Effect Ekman Transport Upwelling refers to deep water that is brought to the surface. To understand upwelling, you must be familiar with how the Coriolis Force affects ocean surface currents. The Coriolis Effect acts on moving water, because it is not attached to the rotating Earth. As water flows over the rotating earth, it appears to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and the left in the Southern. Due to friction between the layers of water in the ocean and the Coriolis Effect, the net result of wind blowing across the surface of the water is transportation of a layer of water 90 degrees to the direction of the wind. This is known as Ekman Transport. Types of Upwelling Equatorial Coastal Seasonal 1. Equatorial Upwelling Look at the equator in the Pacific Ocean. 2. Coastal Upwelling (follow the black arrows) What’s the difference between Peru(A) and Columbia (B)? 3. Seasonal upwelling The Monsoonal wind shifts in Oman create very different conditions. Identifying upwelling on satellite-derived maps Sea Surface Temperature Ocean Color The deep water that surfaces in upwelling is cold; by looking at Sea Surface Temperature maps we can identify cool upwelled water versus hotter surface water. Phytoplankton photosynthesize using specialized color pigments called chlorophyll. Thus, “Ocean Color” maps are another way to identify areas of upwelling. Where on this ocean color map are high phytoplankton concentrations? Ecological and Economic effects of upwelling: Upwelling leads to more phytoplankton More phytoplankton leads to more fish More fish lead to commercial fishing jobs and to more seafood Phytoplankton come in many shapes and forms. Collectively they form the base of oceanic food webs