“夷夏变迁”与明清“改土归流”.docVIP

“夷夏变迁”与明清“改土归流” 　　【摘 要】明清两朝都实施了改土归流政策，但其结果却大相径庭，主要原因在于两代君主民族观的差异。明朝皇帝坚持儒家传统夷夏观，对“以夷治夷”的羁縻政策有着天然的依赖性，不可能对土司制度作出彻底的改革；而本身为少数民族的清朝皇帝，因不满儒家传统夷夏观中的民族歧视而对其进行了批判继承，把从唐代就开始萌芽的“华夷一体”的新民族观应用到实际的民族政策中，其结果就是土司制度在清代的基本结束。 　　【关键词】夷夏之辨；夷夏之防；华夷一体；改土归流 　　【作 者】黄秀蓉，中央民族大学历史系博士生。北京，100081 　　【中图分类号】C951 　　【文献标识码】A 　　【文章编号】1004-454X(2007)03-0130-006 　　 　　The Change of National Concept and the Abolishing Hereditary Chieftaincy and Bring the Ethnic Minority areas under Unified Provincial Administration 　　Huang Xiurong 　　Abstract：The policy of abolishing hereditary chieftaincy and bring the ethnic minority areas under unified provincial administration was carried out both in Ming and Qing dynasty，but it brought different results，the main reason was the difference of national concept which belong to the Emperors in Ming and Qing dynasty. The Ming Emperors persisted in traditional confucian national concept，they naturally depended on the policy that the government used the ethnic minorities to manage themselves，and did not reform the hereditary chieftaincy in the ethnic minority areas thoroughly；The Qing Emperors who are the ethnic minority werent satisfied with the traditional confucian national concept which discriminate the ethnic minority，they both criticized and inherited this concept，and applied the new national concept which treat all nationalities equally to real national policy，the result is that the hereditary chieftaincy in the ethnic minority areas was over in Qing dynasty. 　　Key words：The difference of the ethnic minority and Han nation ；The guard between the ethnic minority and Han nation；Organizing all nationalities whole；Abolishing hereditary chieftaincy and bring the ethnic minority areas under unified provincial administration 　　 　　“改土归流”是明清历史上一项非常重要的民族政治改革。它的实行，从明朝洪武年间开始，一直持续到清末，以四川总督赵尔丰在川边藏区的改流为结束，几与土司制度相始终。明代是中国历史上土司制度最为发达的时代，明政府断断续续施行的改土归流政策，结果并不理想，有的地方甚至土官、流官统治反复出现，因此我们不能说改土归流政策在明代已经取得成功。但是到了清代，清政府的改土归流政策却取得了极大的成效。到清末民族民主革命推翻满清统治时，清政府辖区内的绝大部分土司地区已经改为流官统治，直