国际人权法的渊源.ppt

CHAPTER 4 SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 第四章 国际人权法的渊源 Law School, Hunan UniversityProfessor Nie, Zilu 湖南大学法学院聂资鲁教授 Overview Definition of Human Rights The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled, often held to include the right to life and liberty, freedom of thought and expression, and equality before the law. Overview(cont.) Historical Development of Human Rights ? ‘First generation’ rights– civil and political rights Freedom of speech, religion, fair trial Protection of persons against draconian states ? ‘Second generation’ rights– economic, social, and cultural rights Rights to health, to work, security, education ? ‘Third generation’ rights–group and collective rights Right to self-determination, development, control over resources, clean environment, a right to peace. Overview(cont.) Characteristics of Human Rights ? Universal ? Internationally guaranteed ? Legally protected ? Protect individuals and groups ? Cannot be taken away ? Equal and indivisible ? Oblige States and State actors Overview(cont.) the main content of article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice “international conventions”国际协约; “international custom国际习惯(as evidence of a general practice accepted as law)”; “general principles of law recognized by” the community of nations一般法律原则; “judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists ... As subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law”司法判例及公法学家之学说. Sources of International Human Rights general international agreements （普遍性的国际文件） the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR,1948)《世界人权宣言》 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICPR,1966)《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR,1966)《经济权利、社会权利和文化权利国际公约》 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights《世界人权宣言》 In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Dec