终极翻译.doc

A: NUMERICAL CONTROL With NC, machines run consistently, accurately, predictably, and automatically. Quality and productivity are increased. Compared with manual operation, rework and lead-times are reduced. APT (Automatic programming of Tools) was the first NC language. The basic concept of NC is not new at all and dates back to the early years of the Industrial Revolution, when Joseph Jacquard developed a method to control textile looms by using punched cards. But when he applied for a patent for his invention, he was denied that right by the Queen of England because she believed that it would have put poor workers out of work. In fact, this old invention can be considered simple, crude forms of mechanical NC. Currently, numerical control programming is usually done by individual who have actual machining experience on the shop floor. This experience and the associated knowledge gained are critical in developing the machining strategy required to cut a part. It is particularly useful in handling useful circumstances that often arise in machining complex parts. Knowledge-based software systems can capture the NC programmer’s knowledge and establish a set of rules to create a framework that can be used to lead the NC programmer through the development of the machining strategy. Default methodologies may be established based on materials, tolerances, surface finishes, machine tool availability, and part shape. Knowledge–based systems may also be used to fully automate some NC programming tasks. This would provide for greater consistency among machining strategies and improve programming productivity. Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufactures to undertake the production of products that would not ha