immune response 免疫应答.pptVIP

Hypersensitivity Reactions Type I: anaphylaxis mediated by IgE rapid response: blood vessel dilation, hypotension, shock insect venom Type II: cytolytic/cytotoxic reactions mediated by IgG, IgM bind to cell, initiate complement cascade lysis Type III: immune complex reactions Ag-Ab complex in tissues; phagocytes attack, releasing lytic enzymes hours * Immune response distinguishing ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ memory Immunity: all mechanisms used by the body to protect itself against all things foreign microorganisms or their products foods, pollen, animal hair chemicals, drugs Immunity: innate or acquired Innate immunity: all elements with which we are born, always present, available on short notice to protect;  non-specific Body surfaces: skin, mucous membranes Chemical factors: secretions (sweat, sebum) Fever Phagocytes blood components Acquired immunity: accidental or intentional exposure to ANTIGENS; system with memory; specific Host defense mechanisms  A. Outer barriers Skin and epithelial linings Skin: keratin sweat (NaCl), sebum (unsat. fatty acids) Mucous membranes: mucus and ciliated epithelium stomach - acid intestinal mucus - prevent attachment entry tears saliva - lysozyme Host defense mechanisms  B. Phagocytosis cells in blood lymph active without exposure enhanced by immune system Blood cells Leukocytes – granulocytes (neutrophils) Monocytes Lymphocytes – cells of the specific immune response Phagocytes Neutrophils – most numerous (PMN) chemotactic; short-lived Monocytes – large cells; long-lived, can divide  leave bloodstream; enlarge to form macrophages Fixed macrophages: dust cells, Kuppfer cells Wandering macrophages: peritoneum, alveoli Host defense mechanisms  B. Phagocytosis cells in blood lymph active without exposure enhanced by immune system 1. Bacterium binds to ‘arm’ 2. Bacterium engulfed