2.《Theses On Feuerbach》.doc

Karl Marx 1845 Theses On Feuerbach Written: by Marx in Brussels in the spring of 1845, under the title “1)?ad?Feuerbach”;Marx’s original text was first published in 1924, in German and in Russian translation, by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in?Marx-Engels Archives,?Book I, Moscow. The English translation was first published in the Lawrence and Wishart edition of?The German Ideology?in 1938.?The most widely known version of the?Theses?is that based on Engels’ edited version, published as an appendix to his?Ludwig Feuerbach?in 1888, where he gave it the title?Theses on Feuerbach;Translated: by Cyril Smith 2002, based on work done jointly with Don Cuckson. 1 The main defect of all hitherto-existing materialism — that of Feuerbach included — is that the Object?[der Gegenstand], actuality, sensuousness, are conceived only in the form of the object?[Objekts], or of contemplation?[Anschauung], but not as human sensuous activity, practice?[Praxis], not subjectively. Hence it happened that the active side, in opposition to materialism, was developed by idealism — but only abstractly, since, of course, idealism does not know real, sensuous activity as such.?Feuerbach wants sensuous objects?[Objekte], differentiated from thought-objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective?[gegenst?ndliche]activity. In?The Essence of Christianity?[Das Wesen des Christenthums], he therefore regards the theoretical attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice is conceived and defined only in its dirty-Jewish form of appearance?[Erscheinungsform][1]. Hence he does not grasp the significance of ‘revolutionary’, of ‘practical-critical’, activity. 2 The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a?practical?question. Man must prove the truth,?i.e., the reality and power, the this-sidedness?[Diesseitigkeit]?of his thinking, in practice. The dispute over the reality or non-reality of thinking