批判性思维_A Course on Critical Thinking_ (Chapter4).pptVIP

Horse Laugh/Ridicule/Sarcasm讥笑/奚落/挖苦 Horse laugh includes the use of ridicule of all kinds. 我们大部分人不愿被取笑，这一做法主要用来娱乐。 “Support the Equal Rights Amendment? Sure, when the ladies start buying the drinks! Ho, ho, ho!”（平等权利修正案） 辩论时需要区分娱乐和论证。 Hyperbole（夸张） Hyperbole means exaggeration. Not all strong claims count as hyperbole.（并非所有强的主张都可看作夸张） “Michael Jordan is the best professional basketball player of all time,” while a strong claim, is either true or close enough to truth not to involve hyperbole.（这样的主张不涉及夸张） Hyperbole-2 Hyperbole can turn up in a variety of other persuasive maneuvers, such as dysphemism, persuasive comparison, and ridicule.（夸张可以在其他许多的劝说技巧中发现） The greatest danger that hyperbole poses is that, even when you recognize it as false, you prepare yourself to accept a weaker version of the same claim.（夸张造成的最大危险是：即使我们认识到某个主张是错的，我们仍会接受它的较弱版本） Proof Surrogate（证明替代） Suppose a claim comes to you with no support except for the speaker’s assurance that some support exists: This assurance takes the name of proof surrogate.（对于某个主张，除了说话者保证某种支持存在，没有其他支持。这样的保证称为证明替代） A proof surrogate may be as little as an adverb (e.g., “obviously”) tacked on to a sentence.（体现为某个副词，比如显然） Proof Surrogate-2 The complete proof surrogate, however, refers to the evidence, argument, or authority that carries the day on some issue, without delivering details（完整的证明替代提及证据、论证或典据等，但并不给出细节）: Philosophers agree that God does not exist; Studies suggest that people with arthritis dont actually feel aches when the weather changes. 批判性思维（IV） Persuasion through Rhetoric: Common Devices and Techniques（通过修辞说服：普通策略和技巧） 花言巧语还是修辞？ Introduction Individual claims presented without support are not always ready for tests of initial plausibility and the credibility of the source.（没有支撑的个别主张并不总是适合用来测试信源的初始合理性和可信性） Those tests presuppose that the claim comes in neutral form to our accepting or rejecting minds;（那些测试预设了主张以中立的形式出现）but even lone sentences have ways of smuggling in strategies to affect our reception