[医疗保健](显性遗传).pptVIP

Human Diseases and BiomarkersImmune Response and AntibodiesViruses and Vaccines October 17, 2005 10:20 to 11:10 am Biomarker Marker: Something used as a mark or indication, as a bookmark or tombstone. Biomarker: A characteristic or factor by which a cell or molecule can be recognized or identified. Examples of Biomarkers Hemoglobin expression is a marker of red blood cells Chiasma is a marker of chromosome recombination during meiosis CD4 is a marker of helper T cells Antibody that recognnizes HIV is a marker of HIV infection CD69 expression is a marker of T cell activation. Without biomarkers, the study of biology and medicine would be impossible. General Introduction of the Human Genome: ~30,000 genes Homozygosity and Heterozygosity Homozygosity: The state of having identical genes at one or more paired loci in homologous chromosomes. Heterozygosity: The state of having different allelic genes at one or more paired loci in homologous chromosomes. Genetics and Human Diseases Dominant Inheritance (顯性遺傳). Every affected individual has at least one affected parent. Heterozygoes are affected. Recessive Inheritance (隱性遺傳). When both parents are homozygoes (asymptomatic carriers), one fourth of their offspring will be affected. Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg Law For A and a alleles, there are 3 possible combinations: AA, Aa, aa. p (proportion of A genes) + q (proportion of a genes) = 1. Binomial distribution of genotypes: p2 (AA), 2pq (Aa), q2 (aa). Immune Response Two parts: Innate and adaptive immune response. Cells of the immune system. How does immune response get started? Two general types of effector systems: humoral (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity. Viruses (病毒) A term for a group of microorganisms that are capable of passing through fine filters that retain most bacteria, and are incapable of growth and reproduction apart from living cells. Types of viruses. Vaccines (疫苗) Any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis pre