教学课件PPT金属和陶瓷的结构.ppt

Polymers may be completely noncrystalline and semicrystalline consisting of varying degrees of crystallinity. More about the structure and properties of these amorphous materials is discussed below and in subsequent chapters. SILICA GLASSES Silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2) in the noncrystalline state is called fused熔融 silica, or vitreous玻璃态 silica; again, a schematic representation of its structure is shown in Figure 3.38b. Other oxides (e.g., B2O3 and GeO2) may also form glassy structures (and polyhedral oxide structures similar to those shown in Figure 3.12); these materials, as well as SiO2 , are network former The common inorganic glasses that are used for containers, windows, and so on are silica glasses to which have been added other oxides such as CaO and Na2O. These oxides do not form polyhedral多面体 networks. Rather, their cations are incorporated within and modify the SiO44- network; for this reason, these oxide additives are termed network modifiers. For example, Figure 3.39 is a schematic representation of the structure of a sodium–silicate glass. Still other oxides, such as TiO2 and Al2O3 , while not network formers, substitute for silicon and become part of and stabilize the network; these are called intermediates. From a practical perspective, the addition of these modifiers and intermediates lowers the melting point and viscosity粘度 of a glass, and makes it easier to form at lower temperatures. SUMMARY Atoms in crystalline solids are positioned in an orderly and repeated pattern that is in contrast to the random and disordered atomic distribution found in noncrystalline or amorphous materials. Atoms may be represented as solid spheres, and, for crystalline solids, crystal structure is just the spatial arrangement of these spheres. The various crystal structures are specified in terms of parallelepiped unit cells, which are characterized by geometry and atom positions within. Most common metals exist in at least one of three relatively simpl