Inventory-库存控制计划.ppt

Inventory Control Inventory Costs Independent vs. Dependent Demand Systems to manage items with mainly independent demand Basic Fixed-Order Quantity Model Basic Fixed-Time Period Model Inventory Turn Purposes of Inventory 1. To maintain independence of operations. 2. To meet variation in product demand. 3. To allow flexibility in production scheduling. 4. To provide a safeguard for variation in raw material delivery time. 5. To take advantage of economic purchase-order size. Inventory Costs Holding (or carrying) costs. Costs for storage, handling, insurance, etc. Setup (or production change) costs. Costs for arranging specific equipment setups, etc. Ordering costs. Costs of someone placing an order, etc. Shortage costs. Costs of canceling an order, etc. Independent vs. Dependent Demand The E-Game Company Classifying Inventory Models for Managing Independent Demand Fixed Order Quantity Model Event triggered (Example: running out of stock) Fixed Time Period Model Time triggered (Example: monthly sales call by sales representative) Basic Fixed-Order Quantity Model and Reorder Point Behavior Cost Minimization Goal Basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Formula Deriving the EOQ Using calculus, we take the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to Q, and set the derivative (slope) equal to zero, solving for the optimized (cost minimized) value of Qopt. EOQ Example ProblemUsing Reorder Point EOQ Example Solution Developing Inventory Intuition Consider a situation with an item that we wish to stock on an ongoing basis. The demand for the item averages 100 units per week with a standard deviation of 30 units. Lead time is 3 weeks and the EOQ is 400 units. Probability of not stocking out is 97%. What is the reorder point? Solution – Inventory Intuition Reorder Point = Expected Demand During Lead Time + Safety Stock = 300 + 98 = 398 Expected Demand During Lead Time = 100 x 3 = 300 units Safety Stock Standard Deviation of demand during lead time = sq