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Surface Coal Mining and Environmental Degradation in the ：在表面的煤炭开采和环境退化
Surface Coal Mining and Environmental Degradation in the United States
Daniel Giammar- Cal Tech
June 1997
Introduction
Surface coal mining has been an increasingly widespread activity in the United States as demands for electric power have increased. The scale of surface coal mining has increased to a level where it can have a significant effect on the alteration of environmental systems. This project will provide a brief overview of surface mining in the United States. It will then focus on the elements of environmental degradation that are associated with surface mining. Potential solutions to these problems of environmental degradation will be introduced in a following section. Attention will also briefly turn to the use of remote-sensing techniques to monitor the effects of surface mining on the environment.
Overview of Surface Mining
Surface mining, also widely known as strip-mining, has been a part of human technology for centuries. It was introduced in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, primarily in Pennsylvania. Early uses were in manufacturing industries. With the development of easily distributed electric power and the subsequent demand for this power, the mining of coal increased dramatically. This increase in coal mining occurred in the early 1900s. Initially most of the mining was conducted in sub-surface mines, but in the 1940s the amount of surface mining began a significant increase. At the present approximately 50% of the coal produced in the United States, is produced by surface mining operations.[1]
The history of the reclamation of surface mined areas begins in 1918 with the first organized reclamation project, a project conducted by the Indiana Coal Producers Association. Two decades later, states began enacting surface mine legislation. In 1939 West Virginia was the first state to enact such legislation and many other states followed suit over the next two decades.[1] A major landmark was passed in reclamation when the Surface M
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