环境生态学---第五章 温度与代谢.pptVIP

北极狐 赤狐 大耳狐 E1 温度与代谢 要 点 恒温动物和变温动物 按照有机体的体温调节过程有可能对有机体进行分类。一种可能的划分是恒温动物和变温动物。当环境温度升高时，恒温动物保持着大致恒定的体温，而变温动物的体温随环境温度而改变。这种分类的一个问题是，即使是典型的恒温动物也经历了降低体温的时期。在有机体之间，可供选择的另一种划分如下描述。 恒温动物 变温动物 Ectotherms are organisms such as plants, reptiles and protista which are largely reliant on external sources of heat to raise their body temperature.endotherms are organisms capable of generating heat internally in order to raise their body temperature. Birds and mammals make up this group. The thermoneutral zone is the range of enmironmental temperatures in which an endotherm has only to exert a minimum metabolic effort in order to maintain a constant body temperature. The further away from the thermoneutral zone that the environmental temperature moves, the more energy the endotherm has to expend to maintain body temperature. Ectotherms and endotherms 外温动物和内温动物 像爬行动物等有机体属外温动物，它们很大程度地依赖于外来的热来提高自己的体温。内温动物是能够在体内产热以升高体温的有机体。鸟和哺乳动物属于这一类。热中性区（thermoneutral zone）是环境的温度范围，在这个温度范围内，内温动物仅使用一个最小的代谢率以维持恒定的体温。环境温度离热中性区越远，内温动物维持恒定体温消耗的能量越多。 All organisms gain heat from and lose heat to their environment as well as producing heat. A variety of physiological and behavioral mechanisms are used to regulate heat. Despite these mechanisms, the body temperature of an ectotherm varies significantly with environmental conditions. Heat exchange 热 交 换 所有的有机体从它们的环境中得到热，也将产生的热散失到它们的环境中。种种生理学和行为学的机理被用于调节体热。尽管有这些机理，外温性动物的体温还是明显地随环境条件而改变。 High temperatures may lead to enzyme inactivation or the unbalancing of components of metabolism; for example, in plants, respiration may proceed faster than photosynthesis, leading to death, however, the most frequent effect of high temperature on ectotherms is dehydration. All terrestrial ectotherms must conserve water but at high temperatures rates of water loss can be lethal. There are large differences between the low temperature tolerances of differing species, associated with the processes of freezing, chilling and hardening. Many are killed by temperatures below –1℃