心理学专业外语;The psychoanalytic approach to psychology.docxVIP

The psychoanalytic approach to psychology心理学的精神分析的研究方法Sigmund Freud：‘…I set myself the task of bringing to light what human beings keep hidden within them…the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which it is quite possible to accomplish.’弗洛伊德：“……我致力于让人们认识被人们一直隐藏的东西……这个让人们意识到思想最深处（潜意识意识化）的任务是完全有可能实现的。”Origins and history1.起源与历史The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly by Sigmund Freud,a Viennese doctor who specialised in neurology.精神（心理）分析的研究方法主要是由在神经病学方面颇有造诣的维也纳医生西格蒙德·弗洛伊德创建并发展起来的。Freud became interested in hysteria-the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes-and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just for this disorder but for all disorders and even ‘normal’ personality.弗洛伊德对癔症很感兴趣，认为它是非生理原因造成的身体疾病的表现形式，并且他相信不仅是癔症还有其他的紊乱症状甚至是“常态”人格也是由无意识心理原因造成的。Freud developed techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up an underlying explanatory theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood.弗洛伊德发展出一种治疗技术，用于治疗由无意识引起的心理障碍。并且建立起一种深层的理论，用于解释人类的人格以及变态人格是如何从童年期发展而来的。Freud’s theory and approach were influenced by the technology of the time（such as the steam engine）,and his early work with Charcot, the Parisian hypnotist,and Breuer the pioneer of the cathartic method.弗洛伊德的理论和方法受时代技术（如蒸汽机）和他与欧洲催眠师沙可、宣泄疗法先驱布洛伊尔的早期合作的影响。Freud’s psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry, and was developed in different ways by other psychoanalysts such as Jung,Adler,Klein，Anna Freud（his daughter）,and Erickson.弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对心理学和精神病学产生了很大影响。并且由其他的一些心理分析学家，如：荣格、阿德勒、克莱因、 安娜·弗洛伊德（他的女儿）以及埃里克森等，采用不同的方式对其进行了发展。Assumptions2.理论假设Psychoanalysis proposes:精神分析学家认为：Unconscious processes-the major causes of behaviour come from that part of the mind which we have no direct awareness of.无意识过程-行为的主要原因来自我们不能直接感知的那一部分意识。 Psychic determinisim-all we say and do has a cause（usually unconscious）,even slips of the tongue or ‘Freudian slip’.心理决定论-