Conversation 语用学---对话.ppt

Conversation and Preference Structure Conversation Conversation analysis Pauses, overlap, and backchannels Conversational style Conversation Analysis 2. Turn The basic unit of the conversation, a shift in the direction of the speaking ‘flow’ which is characteristic of normal conversation. (Harvey Sacks---- the founder of the conversation analytic method) 3. Turn-taking(话轮转换） Speakers do not speak all at the same time, they wait for their ‘turn’. Yielding the right to speak, or the ‘floor’, to the next speaker constitutes a turn. Anyone can attempt to get the right to speak in any situation. The way for people to allocate turns to each other or themselves, is called ‘turn- taking mechanism’ 4. Local management system It is a set of conventions for getting turns, keeping them, or giving them away. It is the conventionally known by members of a social group. Turning-taking operates in accordance with this system. 5. TRP(Transition Relevance Place) Local management system is needed most at those poitnts where there is a possible change in who has the turn. Any possible change-of-turn point is called a TRP. The speakers accomplish change of turn smoothly because they are aware of the local management system for taking those turns at an appropriate TRP The most obvious markers of a TRP are the end of a structural unit (a phrase or clause) and a pause. Pauses, overlap, and backchannels 1.Pauses A silence between turns in transitions from one speaker to the next. 2. Overlap Both speakers trying to speak at the same time. Eg.conversation between a student and his friend’s father during the first meeting Mr Strait: What’s