精品第八章 原子结构ouyang.pptVIP

3.电子亲和能: 定义: M(g) + e- → M-(g), EA1 一个气态原子与一个电子结合形成一个气态的负一价离子所放出的能量称为该元素的第一电子亲和能 例如:O(g) + e- → O-(g), EA1= -141.8 kJ·mol-1; O-(g) + e- → O2-(g), EA2= 780 kJ·mol-1 . 8.4.2 元素性质的周期变化规律 电离能变化 规律: ?主族元素: 同周期,从左到右, I1增大; 同族, 从上到下, I1减小. ?过渡元素: I1变化不大. 总趋势:从左到右, I1略有增加 . 8.4.2 元素性质的周期变化规律 元素原子第一电子亲和能代数值越小(大),原子就越易(难)得到电子. ?有效核电荷; ?原子半径; ?电子层结构. 决定电子亲和能大小的主要因素: 8.4.2 元素性质的周期变化规律 4.电负性: 分子中元素原子吸引电子的能力，它综合了电离能和 电子亲和能 ? 2 多为非金属元素 ? 2 多为金属元素 元素的电负性越大，生成阴离子的倾向越大，非金属性越强 同一周期元素,从左到右, 电负性增大,元素金属性减弱,非金属性增强; 同一族的元素,从上到下, 电负性减小,元素的金属性增强,非金属性减弱 所有元素中以周期表右上角的F电负性最大，以左下角Cs电负性最小（除放射性Fr之外） . 5.元素电负性变化规律: 8.4.2 元素性质的周期变化规律 元素电负性变化规律 一般? 2.0为非金属(Si例外) 增大 减小 The quantum mechanics tells us that the energy of the electron is quantized; The wave behavior of electrons and other tiny particles, which can be demonstrated by diffraction experiments, was suggested by de Broglie. The electron wave is a probability wave; The Heisenberg,s uncertainty principle states that there is a limit to precision to which the position and momentum of a electron may be determined simultaneously. Summry The quantum mechanics describes electrons in terms of quantum numbers. There are four such numbers: Principal quantum number n designates the shell; As n increases, the electron，s average distance from the nucleus and energies also increase. n = 1,2,3,… Summry Orbital angular momentum quantum number l designates the subshell( s,p, d,or f ); l = 0,1,…(n－1) Magnetic quantum number m designates the orbital ; m = 0, ±1, …±l Spin angular momentum quantum number s designates the electron spin; s = +1/2, or －1/2 Summry In the Periodic Table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number in horizontal periods and vertical groups. Elements in the same group have the same outer electron configuration, which explains why they have similar chemical properties. The last electron of main–group elements was filled s subshells or p subshells. Transiti