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Orbits … or, where is the satellite?
Rees Ch 10
How objects move
Gravity
Geometry
In straight lines at constant speed
unless pushed/pulled
Not every-day experience
because of friction … but true in
space (vacuum) except …
Gravity: attractive force between
all masses
Minor ‘drags’: upper atmosphere
(up to 500 km) and solar wind
When a force acts on an object, its motion
changes
Slows down or speeds up … and/or …
It changes direction
Acceleration for a given force inversely
related to the mass of the object
Newton’s equations:
Acceleration to Earth = F / m = (G M) / r2
Notes:
GM is a constant for Earth of 3.986 x 1014 m3 s-2
Distance from Earth centre, r Force
NB, r is not the same as the altitude (h)
Acceleration doesn’t depend on object mass
Satellite moves at constant speed
Acceleration under gravity changes its
direction
From Newton’s Principia Mathematica
There is one speed
that gives just the right
acceleration for an
orbit of a given radius
F / m = GM / r2 = v2 / r
v2 / r GM / r2
v GM / r speed of satellite in orbit
Period of orbit distance / speed
T 2r /
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