微生物精品教学（汕头大学）heredity and variation for 5-year program 2010.pptVIP

I Outline 1. Concepts Heredity Variation Genotypic variation Phenotypic variation 2. Bacterial variation Morphological and structure variation Cell wall-cell wall deficient (L-form) Capsular-acapsular Flagellar-aflagellar (H-O variation ) Sporular-asporular Virulence variation : Avirulent-Virulent Bovine TB BCG cultured through 230 times’ passage for 13 years C. diphtheriae ?-corynephage, diphtheriae toxin Drug resistance variation Penicillin resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus Colony shape variation Smooth-Rough variation Enzyme activity variation Antigenicity variation II Genetic elements of bacteria 2. Plasmids Extra-chromosomal genetic elements that are capable of autonomous replication. - Small, circular, ds-DNA - exist independently of host chromosome - autonomously replicating (replicon) - disappear spontaneously or by induction (UV) - transferred by conjugation, tansformation and tranduction Classification of Plasmids According to *Transfer properties --Conjugative *40-100kbp, F plasmid, R plasmid --Nonconjugative * 15kbp, transfer by mobilization, ColE1 plasmid 3. Bacteriophage, phage Bacteriophage (Phage) -Bacterial virus. -Virus of infecting bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, and spirochetes. Composition and Structure *Composition -Nucleic acid Genome = ssDNA, ds DNA, ssRNA, or dsRNA Topology = linear or circular -Protein Protection Infection *Morphology of Bacteriophage different sizes and shapes Attachment and injection Types of Bacteriophage *Lytic or virulent phage (e.g., phage T4) *Lysogenic or temperate phage (e.g., phage λ) *Virulent Phage Lytic or virulent phage -Phage that can only multiply within bacteria and kill the cell by lysis. (e.g., T4) *Lysogenic Phage Lysogenic or temperate phage: - Phage that can enter a quiescent state in the bacterium (integrate into chromosome), occasionally either multiply via the lytic cycle. Prophage Lysogen,Lysog