有机化学 英文课件 chapter10.pptVIP

Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson Alcoholsand Thiols Chapter 10 Structure - Alcohols The functional group of an alcohol is an -OH group bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon bond angles about the hydroxyl oxygen atom are approximately 109.5° Oxygen is sp3 hybridized two sp3 hybrid orbitals form sigma bonds to carbon and hydrogen the remaining two sp3 hybrid orbitals each contain an unshared pair of electrons Nomenclature-Alcohols IUPAC names the parent chain is the longest chain that contains the OH group number the parent chain to give the OH group the lowest possible number change the suffix -e to -ol Common names name the alkyl group bonded to oxygen followed by the word alcohol Nomenclature-Alcohols Examples Nomenclature of Alcohols Compounds containing more than one OH group are named diols, triols, etc. Nomenclature of Alcohols Unsaturated alcohols show the double bond by changing the infix from -an- to -en- show the the OH group by the suffix -ol number the chain to give OH the lower number Physical Properties Alcohols are polar compounds they interact with themselves and with other polar compounds by dipole-dipole interactions Dipole-dipole interaction: the attraction between the positive end of one dipole and the negative end of another Physical Properties Hydrogen bonding: when the positive end of one dipole is an H bonded to F, O, or N (atoms of high electronegativity) and the other end is F, O, or N the strength of hydrogen bonding in water is approximately 21 kJ (5 kcal)/mol hydrogen bonds are considerably weaker than covalent bonds nonetheless, they can have a significant effect on physical properties Hydrogen Bonding Physical Properties Ethanol and dimethyl ether are constitutional isomers. Their boiling points are dramatically different ethanol forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds which increase attractive forces between its molecules resulting in a higher boiling point there is no comparable attractive fo