columbia大学有机化学课件 （二十九）.pptVIP

7.4Properties of Chiral Molecules:Optical Activity Optical Activity A substance is optically active if it rotates the plane of polarized light. In order for a substance to exhibit opticalactivity, it must be chiral and one enantiomer must be present in excess of the other. Light has wave properties periodic increase and decrease in amplitude of wave Light optical activity is usually measured using light having a wavelength of 589 nm this is the wavelength of the yellow light from a sodium lamp and is called the D line of sodium Polarized light ordinary (nonpolarized) light consists of many beams vibrating in different planes plane-polarized light consists of only those beams that vibrate in the same plane Polarization of light Polarization of light Polarization of light Rotation of plane-polarized light Rotation of plane-polarized light Rotation of plane-polarized light Rotation of plane-polarized light Specific rotation observed rotation (a) depends on the number of molecules encountered and is proportional to:  path length (l), and concentration (c) Specific rotation observed rotation (a) depends on the number of molecules encountered and is proportional to:  path length (l), and concentration (c) therefore, define specific rotation [a] as: Racemic mixture a mixture containing equal quantities of enantiomers is called a racemic mixture  a racemic mixture is optically inactive (a = 0) a sample that is optically inactive can beeither an achiral substance or a racemicmixture Optical purity an optically pure substance consists exclusively of a single enantiomer enantiomeric excess =  % one enantiomer – % other enantiomer % optical purity = enantiomeric excess 7.5AbsoluteandRelative Configuration Configuration Relative configuration compares the arrangement of atoms in space of one compound with those of another. Absolute configuration is the precise arrangement of atoms in space. Configuration Relative configurat