计算机组成与设计-8.pptVIP

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计算机组成与设计-8.ppt

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计算机组成与设计-8

CS61C L221 Performance ? UC Regents Review MIPS Machine Language Instruction: 32 bits representing a single instruction Branches use PC-relative addressing, Jumps use absolute addressing. Disassembly is simple and starts by decoding opcode field. Quote of the day “95% of thefolks out there arecompletely clueless about floating-point.” James Gosling Sun Fellow Java Inventor 1998-02-28 Review of Numbers Computers are made to deal with numbers What can we represent in N bits? 2N things, and no more! They could be… Unsigned integers: 0 to 2N - 1 (for N=32, 2N–1 = 4,294,967,295) Signed Integers (Two’s Complement) -2(N-1) to 2(N-1) - 1 (for N=32, 2(N-1) = 2,147,483,648) What about other numbers? Very large numbers? (seconds/millennium) ? 31,556,926,00010 (3.155692610 x 1010) Very small numbers? (Bohr radius) ? 0.000000000052917710m (5.2917710 x 10-11) Numbers with both integer fractional parts? ? 1.5 First consider #3. …our solution will also help with 1 and 2. Representation of Fractions Fractional Powers of 2 Representation of Fractions with Fixed Pt. Representation of Fractions Scientific Notation (in Decimal) Normalized form: no leadings 0s (exactly one digit to left of decimal point) Alternatives to representing 1/1,000,000,000 Normalized: 1.0 x 10-9 Not normalized: 0.1 x 10-8,10.0 x 10-10 Scientific Notation (in Binary) Computer arithmetic that supports it called floating point, because it represents numbers where the binary point is not fixed, as it is for integers Declare such variable in C as float Floating Point Representation (1/2) Normal format: +1.xxxxxxxxxxtwo*2yyyytwo Multiple of Word Size (32 bits) Floating Point Representation (2/2) What if result too large? ( 2.0x1038 , -2.0x1038 ) Overflow! ? Exponent larger than represented in 8-bit Exponent field What if result too small? (0 2.0x10-38 , 0 - 2.0x10-38 ) Underflow! ? Negative exponent larger than represented in 8-bit Exponent field What would help reduce c